Physical Activity and Health

Part I. History and Current Status of the Study of Physical Activity and Health -- Chapter 1. Why Study Physical Activity and Health? / Claude Bouchard, PhD; Steven N. Blair, PED; and William L. Haskell, PhD ; Human Evolution, History, and Physical Activity ; Burden of Chronic Diseases ; Health and Its Determinants ; Aging and Health ; Defining Physical Activity and Physical Fitness ; Physical Inactivity Versus Physical Activity ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 2. Historical Perspectives on Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health / Russell R. Pate, PhD ; Early Beliefs About Physical Activity and Health ; Scientific Inquiry on Exercise and Health ; Evolution of Physical Activity Guidelines ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 3. Physical Activity and Fitness With Age, Sex, and Ethnic Differences / Peter T. Katzmarzyk, PhD, FACSM ; Physical Activity ; Physical Fitness ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 4. Sedentary Behavior and Inactivity Physiology / Marc Hamilton, PhD; and Neville Owen, PhD ; Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Public Health ; Inactivity Physiology: The Underlying Biology of Acute and Chronic Muscular Inactivity ; Sedentary Behavior and Metabolic Health: Emerging Epidemiological Evidence ; Humans May Not Have Reached the Pinnacle of Physical Inactivity ; A Comprehensive Sedentary Behavior Research Agenda ; Public Health Implications ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Part II. Effects of Physical Activity on the Human Organism -- Chapter 5. Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Responses to Physical Activity / Edward T. Howley, PhD ; Relationship of Energy to Physical Activity ; Oxygen Consumption and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses to Exercise ; Effect of Training, Age, and Gender on Maximal Oxygen Uptake ; Application to Exercise Training and Physical Activity Interventions ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 6. Acute Responses to Physical Activity and Exercise / Adrianne E. Hardman, MSc, PhD ; Lipids and Lipoproteins ; Endothelial Function ; Insulin-Glucose Dynamics ; Blood Pressure ; Hematological Changes ; Immune Function and Inflammation ; Responses Related to Energy Balance ; Augmentation of Acute Effects by Training ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 7. Hormonal Response to Regular Physical Activity / Peter A. Farrell, PhD ; Defining Hormones ; Importance of Hormonal Regulation ; Regular Physical Activity and Hormonal Adaptations ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 8. Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Regular Physical Activity / Howard J. Green, PhD ; Skeletal Muscle and Human Survival ; Muscle Cell: Composition, Structure, and Function ; Muscle Fiber Types and Subtypes ; Muscle Adaptation and Functional Consequences ; Aging Muscle: The Role of Training ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 9. Response of Liver, Kidney, and Other Organs and Tissues to Regular Physical Activity / Roy J. Shephard, MB, BS, MD (London), PhD, DPE ; Acute Effects of Physical Activity ; Chronic Effects of Physical Activity ; Strengths and Limitations of the Current Evidence ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Part III. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health -- Chapter 10. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality Rates / Michael J. LaMonte, PhD; and Steven N. Blair, PED ; Physical Activity and Mortality ; Fitness and Mortality ; Activity or Fitness and Mortality in Adults With Existing Diseases ; Quantifying the Population Mortality Burden of Inactivity ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 11. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Morbidities / Ian Janssen, PhD ; Low Physical Activity and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Morbidities ; Low Physical Activity and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Risk Factors for Pulmonary Morbidities ; Biological Mechanisms ; Role of Physical Activity in Patients with Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Morbidities ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 12. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Obesity / Robert Ross, PhD; and Ian Janssen, PhD ; Definition and Problem of Overweight and Obesity ; Fat Depots ; Relationships Among Excess Weight, Physical Activity, and Fitness ; Role of Physical Activity in Prevention and Treatment of Excess Weight ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 13. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Diabetes Mellitus / R. Jan-Willem Middelbeek, MD, MS; Oscar Alcazar, PhD; and Laurie J. Goodyear, PhD ; Diabetes: Definitions and Prevalence ; Epidemiology, Etiology, and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes ; Impact of Physical Activity on Insulin and Glucose Metabolism ; Epidemiological Evidence Indicating Benefits of Physical Activity in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes ; Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes ; Importance of Regular Physical Activity for People With Type 2 Diabetes ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 14. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cancer / I-Min Lee, MBBS, ScD ; Importance of Cancer ; How Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Decrease the Risk of Developing Cancer ; How We Study Whether Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Decrease the Risk of Developing Cancer ; Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Site-Specific Cancers ; Physical Activity and Cancer Survivors ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 15. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Joint and Bone Health / Jennifer Hootman, PhD, ATC, FACSM, FNATA ; Scientific Evidence ; Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 16. Physical Activity, Muscular Fitness, and Health / Neil McCartney, PhD; and Stuart Phillips, PhD ; History of Resistance Training and Its Role in Health ; Fundamental Aspects of Resistance Training ; Resistance Training Throughout the Life Span ; Resistance Training in Disease and Disability ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 17. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Children / Thomas Rowland, MD ; Understanding the Exercise-Health Link in Children ; Defining the Kinds and Amount of Physical Activities for Health ; Optimal Intervention Strategies ; Biological Effects on Physical Activity in Youth ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 18. Risks of Physical Activity / Evert A.L.M. Verhagen, PhD; Esther M.F. van Sluijs, PhD; and Willem van Mechelen, MD, PhD ; Risks of Physical Activity and Sport Participation ; Minimizing Risk and Maximizing Benefits ; Recommendations for Future Research ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Part IV. Physical Activity, Fitness, Aging, and Brain Functions -- Chapter 19. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Aging / Loretta DiPietro, PhD, MPH ; The Aging Process ; Methodological Considerations in Aging Research ; Demographics of Physical Activity Among Older Adults ; Dimensions of Physical Activity and Their Relationship to Health and Function in Aging ; Programmatic Issues in Promoting Physical Activity in Older Populations ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 20. Physical Activity and Brain Functions / Kirk I. Erickson, PhD ; Descriptive Questions ; Mechanistic Questions ; Applied Questions: Populations Benefiting From Physical Activity ; Moderating Questions: Factors Moderating the Effect of Physical Activity ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 21. Exercise and Its Effects on Mental Health / John S. Raglin, PhD; and Gregory S. Wilson, PED, FACSM ; Research Paradigms of Exercise and Mental Health Research ; Exercise and Depression ; Exercise and Anxiety ; Exercise and Schizophrenia ; Putative Mechanisms for the Psychological Benefits of Exercise ; Detrimental Psychological Responses to Exercise: The Overtraining Syndrome ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Part V. How Much Is Required and How Do We Get There? -- Chapter 22. Dose-Response Issues in Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health / William L. Haskell, PhD ; Principles Guiding the Body's Response to Activity ; Components of the Physical Activity Dose ; Factors Determining Optimal Activity Dose ; Physical Activity and Fitness: Dose for Health Benefits ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Chapter 23. From Science to Physical Activity Guidelines / Mark S. Tremblay, PhD; and William L. Haskell, PhD ; Stages of Physical Activity Guideline Development ; Strengths, Limitations, and Challenges ; Summary ; Review Materials -- Part VI. New Challenges and Opportunities -- Chapter 24.